The Costs of Coexistence Measures for Genetically Modified Maize in Germany

We estimate the perceived costs of legal requirements (‘coexistence measures’) for growing genetically modified (GM) Bt maize in Germany using a choice experiment. The costs of the evaluated ex‐ante and ex‐post coexistence measures range from zero to more than €300 per measure and most are greater than the extra revenue the farmers in our survey expect from growing Bt maize or than estimates in the literature. The cost estimates for temporal separation, the highest in our evaluation, imply that the exclusion of this measure in Germany is justified. The costliest measures of the ones that are currently applied in Germany are joint and strict liability for all damages. Our results further show that neighbours do not cause a problem and opportunities for reducing costs through agreements with them exist. Finally, we find that farmers’ attitudes towards GM crops affect the probability of adoption of Bt maize. Our results imply that strict liability will deter the cultivation of Bt maize in Germany unless liability issues can be addressed through other means, for example, through neighbours agreements.     

双重重压下六国化工盈利能力分析及突围之路探析

2012年下半年以来，由于市场不景气导致中国化工行业产品价格下降，而成本却不断攀升，企业盈利能力不容乐观，六国化工也不例外。文章对六国化工进行了介绍，并利用杜邦体系分析法等盈利能力指标对其分析，进而提出了相关建议，以便于六国化工找到突破困境的途径，获得持久的竞争优势及长期可持续发展。     

Incomplete privatization of public rental housing in Hong Kong

The delineation of the land occupied by Public Rental Housing (PRH) is a contentious issue in worldwide debates over PRH privatization. Heated arguments hold that governments should retain the occupied land for mitigating inequalities that privatization might provoke. Dual-role policies arise concerning both efficiency and equality. This research seeks to decode actual consequences of such policies based on their implementation in Hong Kong, with a specific focus on the Tenants Purchase Scheme (TPS). Intended to enliven PRH within needy families, the TPS policy instead resulted in dormant resale of privatized PRH with adverse effects on target groups. Hypotheses on how the TPS policy has affected housing resale are developed based on property rights and searching theories and tested against empirical data. This research offers a theoretical basis for exploring solutions to the unanticipated aftermath of Hong Kong’s PRH privatization and provides information for other governments on implications of privatization strategies.     

Empirical analysis of profit maximization and cost minimization behaviour of Kansas farms

A farm-level deterministic and stochastic nonparametric tests of profit maximization and cost minimization behaviour for a sample of 112 Kansas farms was completed from 1996 to 2013. Allowing for monotonic non-regressive technological change and using a 10% significance level, 73 farms violated the profit-maximization hypothesis and 58 farms violated the cost minimization hypothesis. More profit maximization violations existed relative to cost minimization violations. However, comparing these results with results for 289 Kansas farms using data from 1973 to 1990, farms have significantly reduced profit maximizing violations. Cost minimizing behaviour has not changed substantially.     

建筑工程造价控制及优化措施探析

在建筑工程项目中,严格控制工程造价,可以取得较好的经济效益。要做好建筑工程的造价控制工作,为企业赢得良好的经济效益,必须要求企业内部多方面进行协调与配合。     

承包单位项目成本控制与管理探析

本文阐述施工承包单位成本控制的类型、成本控制的最终目的以及加强成本核算与控制的有效策略。     

推进资产全寿命周期管理实现资产高效、低成本运作

为落实国家电网公司的工作部署,朔州分公司充分利用历史数据,对设备运行状况、检修和试验情况、异常和故障情况等信息进行收集和整理,综合考虑各方面因素,积极研究和发现生产各环节存在的客观规律,并在实际工作中优化调整管理流程和工作方法。     

建筑企业国际工程总承包的造价管理与成本控制

随着我国整体建筑实力的不断增强,我国的建筑企业已越来越多的走向国际建筑市场。如何在国际建筑项目中做好造价管理与成本控制,实现建筑企业的利润最大化,是所有走出国门的建筑企业面临的共同问题。本文作者从国际工程总承包业务角度,结合自身的实际经验谈谈在进行国际工程总承包过程中如何合理的进行造价管理与成本控制。     

掘进机回转支承座结构及工艺方法改进

由于市场严峻,煤机企业面临挑战。要想提高效益,使企业正常发展,就必须从产品上下功夫,降低成本。本文举例说明了"掘进机回转支承座结构及工艺方法改进",讲解了如何降低成本。     

住宅小区安装工程预结算造价确定与控制

本文从现阶段住宅小区安装工程预结算存在的问题出发,提出住宅小区安装工程预结算造价确定与控制对策。